TFY
Ch 9 Argument what’s a good Argument?
Exercise
1. Student who want well-paying careers upon graduation should (R)train themselves to be computer programmers. (C)Most cities are full of advertisements for computer programmers.
2. By the study of different religions (R)we find that in essence they are one. All are concerned with revelations or breakthrough experiences that can (C)redirect lives and empower them toward good.
3. (R)I am not pro-abortion at all. I think that people nowadays use abortion as an essay from of both control. (C)It's also against my religion.
4. (R)Guns kill people; that's why handguns should be banned.(C)
5. (R)Deep fat frying can greatly increase the calories of foods such as fish, chicken, and potatoes. Therefore, (C)it is better to bake, boil, or steam foods.
6. " It is important that (R)individual citizens equip themselves with a baloney detection kit to determine whether politiciand, scientists, or religious leaders are lying-it's an important part of becoming a citizen of the world."(C)
7. (R)America should put a freeze on immigration. Its first duty is to take better care of its own disadvantaged, poor, and unemployed.(C)
8. (R)America boasts about its wealth and prosperity as the world's most competitive economy. Yet its citizens are told there is not enough money for health care, environmental protection, for parks, safety nets for the poor and elderly, or public funding for the arts(C). Isn't there something wrong with this picture?
9. (R)"If nothing happened, if nothing changed, time would stop. For time is nothing but change. It is change that we perceive occurring all around us, not time. In fact, time doesn't exist."(C)
10. (R)I don't know drink because alcohol gives me a brief high followed by a longer depression.(C)
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
TFY Ch9 Argument What's a good Argument?
TFY
Ch 9 Argument What’s a good Argument?
If a statement is thrown out to you, you would not necessarily believe just because some one told you. It is important when arguing a topic or persuading one on your views, you are prepared with data, facts about the topic a strong underlining premise and make sure you believe in what you are saying. Also when giving your argument your premise must be true, and your conclusion should always support your premise. You want to be prepared when you have and argument, in that all your material has been well researched and you are prepared to fire back on any questions given to you on that topic.
Ch 9 Argument What’s a good Argument?
If a statement is thrown out to you, you would not necessarily believe just because some one told you. It is important when arguing a topic or persuading one on your views, you are prepared with data, facts about the topic a strong underlining premise and make sure you believe in what you are saying. Also when giving your argument your premise must be true, and your conclusion should always support your premise. You want to be prepared when you have and argument, in that all your material has been well researched and you are prepared to fire back on any questions given to you on that topic.
TFY Ch12 Exercise
Thinking for Yourself Chapter 12
Exercise
Definition:
Deduction : an amount or percentage deducted; something that is inferred deduced or entailed or implied; reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect); subtraction: the act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole); discount: the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise.
Deductive logic : Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning in which the conclusion is necessitated by, or reached from, previously known facts (the premises). If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This is distinguished from abductive and inductive reasoning, where the premises may predict a high probability of the conclusion, but do not ensure that the conclusion is true.
Reasoning : is the mental (cognitive) process of looking for reasons to support beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings.
Exercise
Definition:
Deduction : an amount or percentage deducted; something that is inferred deduced or entailed or implied; reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect); subtraction: the act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole); discount: the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise.
Deductive logic : Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning in which the conclusion is necessitated by, or reached from, previously known facts (the premises). If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This is distinguished from abductive and inductive reasoning, where the premises may predict a high probability of the conclusion, but do not ensure that the conclusion is true.
Reasoning : is the mental (cognitive) process of looking for reasons to support beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings.
TFY Ch11 Exercise
Thinking for Yourself Chapter 11
Exercise
1.. Induction : Is an argument the truth of whose premises would not serve to guarantee the truth of its conclusion, yet would provide some evidence for it. Sometimes said to be "inductively but not deductively valid".
2. Reasoning : Is the act of using reason to derive a conclusion from certain premises. There are two main methods to reach a conclusion. One is deductive reasoning, in which given true premises, the conclusion must follow (the conclusion cannot be false). This sort of reasoning is non-ampliative - it does not increase one's knowledge base, since the conclusion is self-contained in the premises. A classical example of deductive reasoning are syllogism.
3. Empirical : Refers to that which is based on observation or experience rather than on theory.
4. Scientific methods : Is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
5. Inductive reasoning : A type of type of mathematical reasoning which involves observing patterns and using those observations to make generalizations.
Exercise
1.. Induction : Is an argument the truth of whose premises would not serve to guarantee the truth of its conclusion, yet would provide some evidence for it. Sometimes said to be "inductively but not deductively valid".
2. Reasoning : Is the act of using reason to derive a conclusion from certain premises. There are two main methods to reach a conclusion. One is deductive reasoning, in which given true premises, the conclusion must follow (the conclusion cannot be false). This sort of reasoning is non-ampliative - it does not increase one's knowledge base, since the conclusion is self-contained in the premises. A classical example of deductive reasoning are syllogism.
3. Empirical : Refers to that which is based on observation or experience rather than on theory.
4. Scientific methods : Is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
5. Inductive reasoning : A type of type of mathematical reasoning which involves observing patterns and using those observations to make generalizations.
TFY Ch10 Exercise
TFY
Thinking for Yourself Ch. 10
Exercise
1. (1)TV can't be harmful to children, (2)because it occupies their attention for hours and keep them off the streets. (take from S. Morris Engel's With Good Reason, St. Martin's Press, 1982)
2. (1)Those who are so ferociously involved in Mothers Against Drunk Driving would (2)better spend their time in working with A.A. to help alcoholics.
3.(2)Why are you always nagging at me(1)about the way I drive?
4. (1)Person A:I oppose school voucher programs because they undermine the public school system and give subsidies to rich families who can already afford to send their children to private schools. (2)Person B: I am not going to engage in class warfare. The real issue here is opportunity.
Thinking for Yourself Ch. 10
Exercise
1. (1)TV can't be harmful to children, (2)because it occupies their attention for hours and keep them off the streets. (take from S. Morris Engel's With Good Reason, St. Martin's Press, 1982)
2. (1)Those who are so ferociously involved in Mothers Against Drunk Driving would (2)better spend their time in working with A.A. to help alcoholics.
3.(2)Why are you always nagging at me(1)about the way I drive?
4. (1)Person A:I oppose school voucher programs because they undermine the public school system and give subsidies to rich families who can already afford to send their children to private schools. (2)Person B: I am not going to engage in class warfare. The real issue here is opportunity.
TFY Ch12 Deductive Reasing: How Do I raso from Premises?
TFY
Ch 12. Deductive Reasoning: How Do I Reason from Premises?
How Do I Reason from Premises?
Using at least two dictionaries, look up the terms deduction, deductive logic, and reasoning. Then write out in your own words a definition of deductive reasoning.
Deduction is taught through the study of formal logic, or the science of good reasoning. We learn deduction through the study of formal logic. It is called formal because its main concern is with creating forms that serve as models to demonstrate both correct and incorrect reasoning.
Ch 12. Deductive Reasoning: How Do I Reason from Premises?
How Do I Reason from Premises?
Using at least two dictionaries, look up the terms deduction, deductive logic, and reasoning. Then write out in your own words a definition of deductive reasoning.
Deduction is taught through the study of formal logic, or the science of good reasoning. We learn deduction through the study of formal logic. It is called formal because its main concern is with creating forms that serve as models to demonstrate both correct and incorrect reasoning.
TFY CH 11 Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies
TFY
Chapter 11. Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies:
How Do I Reason from Evidence?
Inductive reasonning is important to have in argument because it allows you to be aware of patterns going on in a situation. Although this pattern may happen almost every time it is important to be able to distinguish it between facts. Inductive reasoning can help strengthen your argument because a lot of times it is taken almost as being factual so it is a good basis to have. Fallacies are what brings an argument down because it is pattern of reasoning witch is usually wrong. This because of the way the argument is structured witch is incorrect for one reason or another. It may be incorrect because the statements may be false or it may be incorrect simply because of where the premise and conclusions are setup.
Chapter 11. Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies:
How Do I Reason from Evidence?
Inductive reasonning is important to have in argument because it allows you to be aware of patterns going on in a situation. Although this pattern may happen almost every time it is important to be able to distinguish it between facts. Inductive reasoning can help strengthen your argument because a lot of times it is taken almost as being factual so it is a good basis to have. Fallacies are what brings an argument down because it is pattern of reasoning witch is usually wrong. This because of the way the argument is structured witch is incorrect for one reason or another. It may be incorrect because the statements may be false or it may be incorrect simply because of where the premise and conclusions are setup.
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